Apparatus for Friction Stir Welding Using Spindle-in-Spindle

ABSTRACT

A spindle head for performing friction stir welding includes concentric spindle shafts driven by stacked, coaxial motors contained within a spindle housing. The coaxial arrangement of the motors results in a more compact package. Each of the motors is concentrically arranged around one of the spindles by directly connecting a rotor of the motor to a spindle shaft. The stators of the motors are mounted on the housing and are concentrically arranged around the concentric spindle shafts.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent Application Ser. No.13/221,255, filed Aug. 30, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/221,255 is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,897,filed Jul. 28, 2007, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 8,052,030, issued on Nov.8, 2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,897 claims the benefitof Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/849,670, filed Oct. 5,2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,897 is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent Application Ser. No. 11/053,630,filed Feb. 7, 2005, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,703,654, issued on Apr.27, 2010; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,897 is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/041,836,filed Jan. 24, 2005, granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,641,096, issued on Jan.5, 2010; U.S. patent Application Ser. No. 11/053,630 claims the benefitof Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/628,832, filed Nov. 17,2004; the entire disclosures of each of the above mentioned applicationsare hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1. Field

This disclosure generally relates to spindle heads used in friction stirwelding machines, and deals more particularly with a compact,spindle-in-spindle head having stacked drive motors.

2. Background

Friction stir welding (FSW) may be used to join two sheets of metalalong a weld line without the use of welding filler materials. The weldis created by a combination of frictional heating of the metal by arotating tool, and mechanical deformation of the weld using a rotatingtool. These tools may comprise a retractable pin tool rotatable withinan annually shaped shoulder tool. The pin tool and shoulder tool may beconnected to concentric spindles which are respectively driven byseparate motors. These motors are typically mounted on or near a spindlehead and are laterally offset from the spindle axes. The ends of theconcentric spindles are coupled with the motors either through gear setsor drive belts.

The spindle head construction described above may not be suitable forsome applications due to the bulk of the spindle head caused by thelaterally offset motors. For example, FSW machines on which the spindlehead is mounted may have structural elements that interfere with thelaterally offset motors as the spindle head is moved along multiple axesduring a welding operation.

Accordingly, there is a need for a FSW apparatus having a compactspindle head which overcomes the problems discussed above. Embodimentsof the disclosure are intended to satisfy this need.

SUMMARY

FSW apparatus may include a spindle head having concentric spindleshafts driven by stacked, coaxial motors contained within a spindlehousing. The coaxial arrangement of the motors minimizes lateralprojections from the spindle head, resulting in a more compact packagethat facilitates movement of the spindle head in multiple axes withoutinterfering with other structural elements on the FSW machine. Each ofthe motors is concentrically arranged around one of the spindles bydirectly connecting a rotor of the motor to a spindle shaft. The statorsof the motors are mounted on the housing and are concentrically arrangedaround the concentric spindle shafts.

According to one disclosed embodiment, friction stir welding apparatusis provided, comprising: a shoulder tool; a pin tool rotatable withinthe shoulder tool; a housing; first and second coaxial spindle shaftsrespectively connected to the shoulder tool and the pin tool; a firstmotor connected to the first spindle shaft for rotating the shouldertool; and, a second motor stacked in end-to-end relationship to thefirst motor for rotating the pin tool. Each of the first and secondmotors includes a stator secured to and surrounding a correspondingspindle shaft. The motors each may include a stator mounted on thehousing and surrounding the corresponding spindle shaft. Encoders may beemployed to generate information related to the rotation of the motorand/or spindle shafts. One of the spindle shafts may pass through themotor that drives the other spindle shaft.

According to another disclosed embodiment, friction stir weldingapparatus is provided, comprising: a shoulder tool; a pin tool coaxialwith and rotatable within the shoulder tool; first and second coaxialspindle shafts respectively connected to the shoulder tool and the pintool; a first motor surrounding and connected to the first spindle shaftfor rotating the shoulder tool; and, a second motor surrounding andconnected to the second spindle shaft for rotating the pin tool. Theapparatus may include a spindle housing within which the first andsecond motors are contained in end-to-end relationship to each other.

In accordance with another embodiment, friction stir welding apparatusis provided, comprising: first and second electric motors stackedend-to-end and arranged to drive around a common axis; a shoulder tool,a pin tool rotatable within the shoulder tool around the common axis; afirst spindle shaft connecting the shoulder tool with the first motor;and, a second spindle shaft connecting the pin tool with the secondmotor. The first motor may include a stator, and a rotor secured to thefirst spindle shaft. The second motor may include a stator and a rotorsecured to the second spindle shaft. The first spindle shaft may passthrough the second motor.

In accordance with a method embodiment, friction stir welding aworkpiece my comprise the steps of: stacking first and second motorsend-to-end along a common axis; rotating a pin tool and a shoulder toolusing the first and second motors, respectively; and, producing afriction stir weld in the workpiece using the pin tool and the shouldertool. The pin tool may be rotated inside the shoulder tool. The motorsmay be stacked by mounting them inside a common housing. The tools maybe rotated by coupling the first and second motors respectively throughfirst and second spindle shafts to the pin tool and the shoulder tool.

Other features, benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodimentswill become apparent from the following description of embodiments, whenviewed in accordance with the attached drawings and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the advantageousembodiments are set forth in the appended claims. The advantageousembodiments, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, furtherobjectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by referenceto the following detailed description of an advantageous embodiment ofthe present disclosure when read in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an isometric illustration of a spindle head for performingfriction stir welding on a workpiece.

FIG. 1A is a functional block diagram illustration of the spindle headshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic, sectional illustration of the upper portion ofthe spindle head shown in FIG. 1 showing the relative positions of themotors.

FIG. 3 is a sectional illustration taken along the line 3-3 in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an isometric illustration of the area designated as “A” inFIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a sectional illustration taken along the line 5-5 in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is an exploded, isometric illustration of the pin tool assembly.

FIG. 7 is an exploded, isometric illustration of the shoulder toolassembly.

FIG. 8 is an exploded, isometric illustration of the area designated as“B” in FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is an exploded, isometric illustration of the area indicated as“C” in FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is an exploded, sectional illustration taken along the line10-10 in FIG. 8.

FIG. 11 is a sectional illustration taken along the line 11-11 in FIG.9.

FIG. 12 is a longitudinal sectional illustration taken along the line12-12 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of aircraft production and servicemethodology.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an aircraft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring first to FIG. 1, a spindle head generally indicated by thenumeral 20 includes a spindle housing 24 that may be mounted on amachining center or machine tool (not shown) for movement along multipleaxes. The spindle head 20 includes a nosepiece 26 having later discussedtools for performing FSW operations on a workpiece 21. As will bedescribed below, the rotating components of the spindle head 20 arecoaxially arranged along a central, longitudinal axis 29.

Referring now also to FIGS. 2-12, a rotatable and retractable pin toolassembly 46 is coaxially disposed within a shoulder tool assembly 28(FIG. 7). The pin tool assembly 46 includes a pin spindle shaft 48connected with a pin tool 54 through a pin adapter 50 and a pin toolholder 52. The pin tool 54 includes a tip 54 a for plunging into theworkpiece 21 during a FSW operation.

The shoulder tool assembly 28 may comprise a shoulder spindle shaft 30connected to a shoulder tool 44 through a spindle-to-adapter interface32, a shoulder adapter 34, a cover 36, and a shoulder tool holder 38.The shoulder tool holder 38 may include a collet 42 for releasablyholding the shoulder tool 44. Shoulder tool 44 may include an annularshoulder 44 a that surrounds the tip 54 a of the pin tool 54. The pinspindle shaft 48 is linearly displaceable within the shoulder spindleshaft 30, allowing the pin tool 54 to be extended or retracted withinthe shoulder 44, as may be required by a FSW operation. As previouslydescribed, the shoulder 44 a functions to forge material in theworkpiece 21 as the material is stirred by the pin tool tip 54 a. Theshoulder tool 44 may rotate in either the same or the opposite directionof the rotation of the pin tool 54.

Referring now particularly to FIGS. 2, 3 and 12, first and second motors23, 25 may be mounted within the spindle housing 24 in stacked,end-to-end relationship and are coaxially arranged along thelongitudinal axis 29. The first motor 23 may include a stator 23 asecured to the housing 24 by suitable brackets (not shown), and a rotor23 b that may be secured directly to the upper end of the shoulderspindle shaft 30. The second motor 25 may include a housing 35 mountedin a ball cage 31 for linear sliding movement, as shown by the arrows 37(see FIG. 2). Motor 25 may include a stator 25 a secured to the housing35, and a rotor 25 b that may be attached directly to the upper end ofthe pin tool spindle shaft 48.

As previously described, spindle shafts 30, 48 are coaxial and rotateindependently of each other. The pin tool spindle shaft 48 extendsthrough the center of the rotor 23 b of motor 23, and is driven torotate by motor 25. An electric motor and ball screw drive combinationor a pneumatic cylinder 39 function to linearly displace the motor 25along with the pin spindle assembly 46 in order to control the lineardisplacement position of the pin tool 54. Motor 23 rotates the shouldertool spindle shaft 30.

Encoders 27 may be provided to sense the rotation of either the spindleshafts 30, 48 or the motors 23, 25 in order to generate signals that maybe used by controllers (not shown) to control either the speed of themotors 23, 25 or feed rate of the spindle head 20. The encoders 27 maybe incorporated into the construction of the motors 23, 25, if desired.A linear position sensor 33 may be provided to sense the linear positionof the pin spindle shaft 48, and thus the position of the pin tool 54.

Referring now to FIGS. 13 and 14, embodiments of the disclosure may beused in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 60as shown in FIG. 13 and an aircraft 76 as shown in FIG. 14. Duringpre-production, exemplary method 60 may include specification and design62 of the aircraft 76 and material procurement 64. During production,component and subassembly manufacturing 66 and system integration 68 ofthe aircraft 76 takes place. Thereafter, the aircraft 76 may go throughcertification and delivery 70 in order to be placed in service 72. Whilein service by a customer, the aircraft 76 is scheduled for routinemaintenance and service 74 (which may also include modification,reconfiguration, refurbishment, and so on).

Each of the processes of method 60 may be performed or carried out by asystem integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer).For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may includewithout limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-systemsubcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any numberof venders, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be anairline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and soon.

As shown in FIG. 14, the aircraft 76 produced by exemplary method 60 mayinclude an airframe 78 with a plurality of systems 82 and an interior80. Examples of high-level systems 82 include one or more of apropulsion system 84, an electrical system 86, a hydraulic system 88,and an environmental system 90. Any number of other systems may beincluded. Although an aerospace example is shown, the principles of theinvention may be applied to other industries, such as the automotiveindustry.

The apparatus embodied herein may be employed during any one or more ofthe stages of the production and service method 60. For example,components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 66 maybe fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components orsubassemblies produced while the aircraft 76 is in service. Also, one ormore apparatus embodiments may be utilized during the production stages66 and 68, for example, by substantially expediting assembly of orreducing the cost of an aircraft 76. Similarly, one or more apparatusembodiments may be utilized while the aircraft 76 is in service, forexample and without limitation, to maintenance and service 74.

Although the embodiments of this disclosure have been described withrespect to certain exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood thatthe specific embodiments are for purposes of illustration and notlimitation, as other variations will occur to those of skill in the art.

The description of the different advantageous embodiments has beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description, and is notintended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the formdisclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. Further, different advantageousembodiments may provide different advantages as compared to otheradvantageous embodiments. The embodiment or embodiments selected arechosen and described in order to best explain the principles of theembodiments, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinaryskill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodimentswith various modifications as are suited to the particular usecontemplated.

1-7. (canceled)
 8. Friction stir welding apparatus, comprising: ashoulder tool; a pin tool rotatable within the shoulder tool, the pintool and the shoulder tool independently rotatable and coaxial withrespect to one another; a spindle housing; first and second coaxialspindle shafts respectively connected to the shoulder tool and the pintool, the first and second coaxial spindle shafts independentlyrotatable with respect to one another, the first spindle shaftsurrounding the second spindle shaft; a first motor surrounding anddirectly connected to the first spindle shaft and adapted to rotate theshoulder tool; and a second motor surrounding and directly connected tothe second spindle shaft, the second motor arranged concentrically andcoaxially with the first motor along a common axis in the spindlehousing, the second motor slideably mounted for linear movement alongthe common axis within the spindle housing, and adapted to rotate thepin tool.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first motor includesa stator, and a rotor secured to and surrounding the first spindleshaft, the rotor directly attached to the upper end of the first spindleshaft.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second motor include astator, and a rotor secured to and surrounding the second spindle shaft,the rotor directly attached to the upper end of the second spindleshaft.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising first and secondencoders for encoding information related to the rotation of the firstand second spindle shafts.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein thesecond spindle shaft passes through the first motor.
 13. The apparatusof claim 8, wherein the first and second motors are electric motors. 14.Friction stir welding apparatus, comprising: a shoulder tool; a pin toolcoaxial with and rotatable within the shoulder tool, the pin tool andthe shoulder tool independently rotatable with respect to one another;first and second coaxial spindle shafts respectively connected to theshoulder tool and the pin tool, the first and second coaxial spindleshafts independently rotatable with respect to one another, the firstspindle shaft surrounding the second spindle shaft; a first motorsurrounding and coaxial with and directly connected to the first spindleshaft and adapted to rotate the shoulder tool; and a second motorsurrounding and coaxial with and directly connected to the secondspindle shaft and adapted to rotate the pin tool, the first and secondmotors arranged concentrically and coaxially along a common axis in aspindle housing, the second motor slideably mounted for linear movementalong the common axis within the spindle housing.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 14, wherein the shoulder tool, the pin tool, the first spindleshaft, the second spindle shaft, the first motor and the second motorare coaxial.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first motorincludes: a stator, and a rotor secured to the first spindle shaft, therotor directly attached to the upper end of the first spindle shaft. 17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the second motor includes: a stator,and a rotor secured to the second spindle shaft, the rotor directlyattached to the upper end of the second spindle shaft.
 18. The apparatusof claim 14, further comprising first and second encoders for encodinginformation related to the rotation of the first and second spindleshafts.
 19. The apparatus of claim 14, where the second spindle shaftpasses through the first motor.
 20. The apparatus of claim 14, furthercomprising: means for mounting the second motor for linear slidingmovement toward and away from the first motor; and, a power drive forlinearly displacing the second motor.
 21. Friction stir weldingapparatus, comprising: first and second electric motors arrangedconcentrically and coaxially along a common axis in a spindle housingand arranged to drive around the common axis, the second electric motorslideably mounted for linear movement along the common axis within thespindle housing; a shoulder tool; a pin tool rotatable within theshoulder tool around the common axis, the pin tool and the shoulder toolindependently rotatable and coaxial with respect to one another; a firstspindle shaft rotatably connecting the shoulder tool with the firstmotor, the first motor surrounding the first spindle shaft; and a secondspindle shaft directly connecting the pin tool with the second motor,the second motor surrounding the second spindle shaft; wherein the firstand second coaxial spindle shafts are independently rotatable withrespect to one another, the first spindle shaft surrounding the secondspindle shaft.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first motorincludes: a stator, and a rotor secured to the first spindle shaft, therotor directly attached to the upper end of the first spindle shaft. 23.The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second motor includes: a stator,and a rotor secured to the second spindle shaft, the rotor directlyattached to the upper end of the second spindle shaft.
 24. The apparatusof claim 21, further comprising means for generating a parameter relatedto the rotation of the first and second spindle shafts.
 25. Theapparatus of claim 21, wherein the second spindle shaft passes throughthe first motor.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second motoris mounted for linear movement along the common axis.